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Chlorophyll content as an indicator of algal growth in the two systems with open reservoirs. DS1, DS2, and DS3 are locations in the distribution system.
Hydrogen sulfide content in reclaimed water as an indicator of the intensity of odor. DS1, DS2, and DS3 are locations in the distribution system.
The loss of residual disinfectant in the systems was accompanied by an increase in the level of bacteria, indicating that it is necessary to maintain a sufficient and stable residual level of disinfectant. The rapid dissipation of free chlorine may have been a result of its ability to react with organic matter, as reflected by the high organic carbon concentration compared to the concentrations typically encountered in potable water. AOC is readily available for consumption by microorganisms, which in turn can enhance the regrowth of bacteria in the reclaimed water. Falkinham et al. ( 15 ) reported that there was a strong positive correlation between Mycobacterium and AOC levels (17 to 234 μg/liter) in potable water systems that had only a fraction of the AOC levels encountered in the reclaimed water systems. In the present study, high levels of AOC (>1,350 μg/liter) were associated with increased occurrence of coliforms and Pseudomonas spp. in the reclaimed water. Both coliforms and Pseudomonas spp. grow extremely fast. Even at the lowest levels of AOC in reclaimed water, Mycobacterium and Legionella , both of which have slightly lower growth rates than coliforms, Aeromonas spp., and Pseudomonas spp., occurred very frequently. Mycobacterium and Legionella survive quite well in biofilms ( 25 ). Unlike most indicator bacteria, some species of Pseudomonas , Aeromonas , Legionella , and Mycobacterium are opportunistic pathogens, and these organisms regrew to a greater concentration in the distribution system than the indicator bacteria. Regrowth is undesirable as it may cause odor and esthetic problems in reclaimed water, degrading the water quality in the distribution system. The present study shows that the treatment systems investigated (conventional and MBR) are typically capable of generating a high-quality effluent with very low densities of indicator microorganisms. Coliforms were rare in these systems, but opportunistic pathogens ( Aeromonas , Legionella , Mycobacterium , and Pseudomonas ) were detected quite frequently. Thus, while indicator organisms are effective for assessing the efficacy of treatment processes, they may not be representative of the possible risk from regrowth of opportunistic pathogens in the distribution system.
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5 Star Overall Morningstar Rating™ out of 549, 4 stars among 549 for the three-year, 5 stars among 485 for the five-year, and 5 stars among 352 for 10-year Midcap Growth funds as of 3/31/18 (derived from a weighted average of the fund’s 3-, 5-, and 10-year risk adjusted return measure). The Morningstar Rating™ for funds, or “star rating”, is calculated for managed products (including mutual funds, variable annuity and variable life subaccounts, exchange-traded funds, closed-end funds, and separate accounts) with at least a three-year history. Exchange-traded funds and open-ended mutual funds are considered a single population for comparative purposes. It is calculated based on a Morningstar Risk-Adjusted Return measure that accounts for variation in a managed product’s monthly excess performance, placing more emphasis on downward variations and rewarding consistent performance. The top 10% of products in each product category receive 5 stars, the next 22.5% receive 4 stars, the next 35% receive 3 stars, the next 22.5% receive 2 stars, and the bottom 10% receive 1 star. The Overall Morningstar Rating™ for a managed product is derived from a weighted average of the performance figures associated with its three-, five-, and 10-year (if applicable) Morningstar Rating™ metrics. The weights are: 100% three-year rating for 36-59 months of total returns, 60% five-year rating/40% three-year rating for 60-119 months of total returns, and 50% 10-year rating/30% five-year rating/20% three-year rating for 120 or more months of total returns. While the 10-year overall star rating formula seems to give the most weight to the 10-year period, the most recent three-year period actually has the greatest impact because it is included in all three rating periods.